Organización Mundial de la Salud. Enfermedades cardiovasculares [online]Disponible:http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs317/es/index.html [Consulta: 2008, Marzo 13]
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute National High Blood Pressure Education Program. Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC 7) JAMA 2003; 289:2560-2572.
Manzur F, Arrieta C. Estudio sociológico y del conocimiento de los factores de riesgo de las enfermedades cardiovasculares en la Costa Caribe Colombiana (Estudio Caribe). Rev Colomb Cardiol 2005; 12:122-8.
Guideliness Commitee. 2003 European Society of Hypertension-European Society of Cardiology guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. Journal Of Hypertension 2003; 21:1011-1053.
World health report 2002. Reducing risks, promotion healthy life. Genova. World Health Organization. 2002.
Murray CD, López AD: The Global Burder of Disease, Cambridge, MA. Harvard School of Public Health, 1998.
Arocha, I. Lípidos, placa e hipolipemiantes. Ex Libris, Caracas. 2000. p:15-124.
Elisa, FM. The treatment of coronary Heart disease: an update. Part 1: An overview of the risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Curr Med Res Opin. 2001; 17:18-26.
Castaño RM. Papel de la pravastatina en el daño miocárdico por isquemia y reperfusión. Tesis doctoral. Salamanca, 2010.
Anuario Estadístico. MINSAP, Cuba. 2010.
The prevalence of rheumatic heart valve disease to be between 20 and 30 per 1000 in children of school age, Rev Prat. 2009 Feb 20; 59(2):173-7.
Vahanian A. Guía de la Sociedad Europea de Cardiología. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2007; 60(6):625.e1-e50.
Azitartep J. Guías de práctica clínica en valvulopatías Rev Esp Cardiol Vol. 53, Núm. 9, Septiembre 2000; 1209-1278.
Bastante VT, Ruiz MB, Iborra CC. Cardiología y Cirugía Cardiovascular. Academia de estudios MIR. Grafinter, s.l. 2006
Lamas Ávila AD. Luque Borjas EA, Nogueira Batista JC, Blanco Castillo JE, del Cueto Espinosa H. Aplicación de la circulación extracorpórea en el Cardiocentro de Santiago de Cuba durante el período enero-diciembre del 2004. Centro de Cirugía Cardiovascular MEDISAN 2005; 9(1)
Geronazzo RJ. Lesión celular por reperfusión ¿Una ventana terapéutica? Rev. CONAREC Noviembre 2004; (20), 77:205-228
Trivi MS. El cardiólogo clínico frente a la cirugía valvular Rev Argentina de Cardiología, septiembre-octubre 1999, vol. 67, no 5.
ESTUDIO ESMUCICA. Pacientes valvulares / investigadores ESMUCICA. Rev Argentina de Cardiología, enero-febrero 2001, vol. 69, n° 1.
Ponce G. El infarto no Q en cirugía cardíaca valvular. Diagnóstico mediante troponina I. Rev Esp Cardiol 2001; 54 (10) 1175-82
Grana D, Beigelman R, Ferreira R, Milei J. Modelos de isquemia-reperfusión experimental. Hallazgos electrocardiográficos y morfológicos. Rev Argentina de Cardiología. 1994; 62 (2) 142-150
Férez Santander SM. Daño miocárdico por reperfusión. Rev Esp Cardiol 2004; 57(Supl 1) 9-21,
Mosca MS, Cingolani HE. Alteraciones celulares en la isquemia y reperfusión. Rev Argentina de Cardiología. 2000; 29, 171-78
Álvarez-Gómez JA.Cardioprotección endógena en la rehabilitación cardiovascular. Rev Cubana Cardiol Cir Cardiovasc 2011; 17 Supl 1: 58-64.
Ruiz-Ros JA. Arritmias de reperfusión en pacientes valvulares operados con cirugía extracorpórea y pretratados con captopril. Rev Esp Cardiol 1997; 50 (7) 491-97, 1997
Alvarez J. Comparación de los efectos hemodinámicos del levosimendán con la dobutamina en pacientes con bajo gasto después de cirugía cardiaca. Rev Esp Cardiol 2006; 59 (4) 338-45
Giannitsis E, Becker M, Kurz K, Hess G, Zdunek D, Katus HA. High-sensitivity cardiac troponin T for early prediction of evolving non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction in patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome and negative troponin results on admission. Clin Chem. 2010; 56:642-50.
Lascano CE, Negroni AJ, Del Valle FH, Crottogini JA. Participación de los canales de potasio dependientes de ATP en el mecanismo de precondicionamiento. Rev Argentina de Cardiología. 2002; 31 (2) 91-99
Sabbatino Mancilla AP. Protección Miocárdica. Rev. Chil. Anestesia, Junio 2006; 35: 41-53
Giuseppe R, Luigi M. Hematologic Consequences of Renal Failure. Brenner and Rector’s. The Kidney, Sixth Edition 2000; 2079-2102.
Miyake T, Kung CK, Goldwasser E. Purification of human erythropoietin. J Biol Chem 1977; 252: 5558-5564
Koury ST, Bondurat MC, Koury MJ. Localization of erythropoietin synthesizing cells in murine kidneys by in situ hybridisation. Blood 1988; 71:524-7.
Juul SE, Stallings SA, Christensen RD. Erythropoietin in the cerebrospinal fluid of neonates who sustained CNS injury. Pediatr Res 1999; 46: 543 547
Juul SE, Anderson DK, Li Y, Christensen RD. Erythropoietin and erythropoietin receptor in the developing human central nervous system. Pediatr Res 1998; 43: 40 49.
Marti HH, Wenger RH, Rivas LA, Straumann U, Digicaylioglu M, Henn V et al. Erythropoietin gene expression in human, monkey and murine brain. Eur J Neurosci 1996; 8: 666 676.
Masuda S, Okano M, Yamagishi K, Nagao M, Ueda M, Sasaki R. A novel site of erythropoietin production. Oxygen-dependent production in cultured rat astrocytes. J Biol Chem 1994; 269: 19488-19493.
Riksen N, Hausenloy D, Yelon D. Erythropoietin: ready for prime-time cardioprotection. Treds in Pharmacological Sciences 2008; 29: 5: 258-267.
Chong ZZ, Maiese K. Erythropoietin involve the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway, 14-3-3 protein and FOXO3a nuclear trafficking to preserve endothelial cell integrity. British Journal of Pharmacology 2007; 150: 839-850.
Eschbach JW, Nelly MR, Haley NR, Abels RI, Adamson JW. Treatment of the anemia of progressive renal failure with recombinant human erythropoietin. N Engl J Med 1989; 321: 158-163.
Goodnough LT, Monk TG, Andriole GL. Current concepts: erythropoietin theraphy. N Engl J Med 1997; 336: 933-938.
Allegro A, Galasso A, Siracusano L, Aloisi C, Corica F, Lagana A et al. Administration of recombinant erythropoietin determines increase of peripheral resistances in patients with hypovolemic shock. Nephron 1996; 74: 431-432.
Buemi M, Denuzzo G, Allegra A, Aloisi C, Squadrito F, Squadrito G et al. Recombinant human erythropoietin inhibits the cutaneous vasodilatation induced by acetyl-choline. Int J Microcirc 1995; 15: 283-286.
Buemi M, Allegra A, Aloisi C, Frisina N. Influence of therapy with recombinant erythropoietin on serum levels of neopterin in hemodialyzed subjects. Am J Nephrol 1991; 11: 281-283.
Kokot F, Wiecek A, Grzesczak W, Klepacka J, Klin M, Lao M. Influence of erythropoietin treatment on endocrine abnormalities in hemodialyzed patients. Contrib Nephrol 1989; 76: 257-270.
Moon, C. Erythropoietin reduces myocardial infarction and left ventricular functional decline after coronary artery ligation in rats. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A 2003; 100: 11612–11617.
Calvillo L. Recombinant human erythropoietin protects the myocardium from ischemia-reperfusion injury and promotes beneficial remodeling. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2003; 100: 4802–4806.
Parsa CJ. A novel protective effect of erythropoietin in the infarcted heart. J. Clin. Invest. 2003; 112: 999–1007.
Cai Z. Hearts from rodents exposed to intermittent hypoxia or erythropoietin are protected against ischemia-reperfusion injury. Circulation 2003; 108: 79–85.
Tramontano AF. Erythropoietin protects cardiac myocytes from hypoxia-induced apoptosis through an Akt-dependent pathway. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2003; 308: 990–994.
Burger D. Erythropoietin protects cardiomyocytes from apoptosis via up-regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Cardiovasc. Res. 2006; 72: 51-59.
Kristensen J. Lack ok acute cardiprotective effect from preischaemic Erythropoietin administration in aporcine coronary occlusion model. Clin. Physiol. Funct. Imaging 2005; 25: 305-310.
Olea F. High- dose Erythropoietin has no ling-term protective effects in sheep with reperfused myocardial infarction. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 2006; 47: 736-741.
Bullard AJ, Govewalla P, Yellon DM. Erythropoietin protects the myocardium against reperfusion injury in vitro and in vivo. Basic Res Cardiol 2005; 100: 397–403.
Miki T, Miura T, Yano T, Takahashi A, Sakamoto J, Tanno M et al. Alteration in erythropoietin-induced cardioprotective signaling by postinfarct ventricular remodeling. J Pharmacol ExpTher 2006; 317: 68–75
Chan C. Erythropoietin protects post-ischemic hearts by preventing extracellular matrix degradation: role of Jak-2-ERK pathway. Life Sci. 2007; 81: 717-723.
Parsa C. Cardioprotective effects of Erythropoietin in the reperfused ischemic heart: a potencial role for cardiac fibroblasts. J. Biol. Chem. 2004; 279: 20655-20662.
Rafiee P. Erythropoietin protects the infant heart against ischemia-reperfusion injury by triggering multiple signaling pathways. Basic Res. Cardio. 2005; 100: 187-197.
Ehrenreich H, Hasselblatt M, Dembowski C, Cepek L, Lewczuk P, Stiefel M, et al. Erythropoietin therapy for acute stroke is both safe and beneficial. Mol Med 2002; 8: 494-505.
Fu P, Arcasoy MO. Erythropoietin protects cardiac myocytes against anthracycline-induced apoptosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2007 March 9; 354(2): 372–378.
Ehrenreich H, Aust C, Krampe H, Jahn H, Jacob S, Herrmann M, et al. Erythropoietin: Novel approaches to neuroprotection in human brain disease. Metabolic Brain Disease dec 2004; 19(3/4):195-206.
Buemi M, Cavallaro E, Floccari F, Sturiale A, Aloisi C, Trimarchi M et al. Erythropoietin and the brain: from neurodevelopment to neuroprotection. Clinical Science 2002; 103:275-282.
Fisher JW. Erythropoietin: physiology and pharmacology update. Exp Biol Med. 2003; 228:1-14.
Malgor LA, Valsecia ME. Farmacología médica. Volumen 4. Farmacología de la hematopoyesis, farmacología gástrica, farmacología del dolor: AINES y opioides, anestésicos locales y generales y bloqueantes neuromusculares. 2000. [citado 3 de abril de 2012].
Disponible: http://med.unne.edu.ar/catedras/farmacologia/temas_farma/indice_v4.htm
Jelkmann W. Molecular biology of erythropoietin. Intern Med. 2004;43: 649-59.
Gong H, Wang W, Kwon TH, Jonassen T, Li C, Ring T, et al. EPO and alpha-MSH prevent ischemia/reperfusion-induced down-regulation of AQPs and sodium transporters in rat kidney. Kidney Int. 2004; 66(2):683-95.
Kenneth M, Faqi L, Zhao Zhong Ch. New Avenues of Exploration for Erythropoietin. JAMA. 2005; 293:90-5.
Leist M, Ghezzi P, Grasso G, Bianchi, Villa P, Fratelli M, et al. Derivatives of erythropoietin that are tissue protective but not erythropoietic. Science. 2004; 305(5681):239-42
Namiuchi SH, Kagaya Y, Ohta J, Shiba N, Sugi M, Oikawa M, et al. High Serum Erythropoietin Level Is Associated With Smaller Infarct Size in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction Who Undergo Successful Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005; 45:1406-12.
Abdelrahman M, Sharples EJ, McDonald M, Collin M, Patel NS, Yaqoob MM, et al. Erythropoietin attenuates the tissue injury associated with hemorrhagic shock and myocardial ischemia. Shock. 2004; 22(1):63-9.
Lipsic E, Van der Meer P, Henning RH, Suumeijer A, Boddeus K, Van Veldhuisen D, et al. Timing of erythropoietin treatment for cardioprotection in ischemia/reperfusion. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2004; 44(4):473-9.
Hanlon PR., Ping F, Wright GL., Steenbergen C, Arcasoy Murat O, Murphy E. Mechanisms of erythropoietin-mediated cardioprotection during ischemia-reperfusion injury: role of protein kinase C and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling. FASEB J, Jun 2005; 10.1096
Rui T, Feng Q, Lei M, Peng T, Zhan J, Xu M, et al. Erythropoietin prevents the acute myocardial inflammatory response induced by ischemia/reperfusion via induction of AP-1. Cardiovasc Res. 2005; 65 (3):719-27.
Porat O, Neumann D, Zamir O,Nachson S, Feigin E, Cohen J, et al. Erythropoietin stimulates atrial natriuretic peptide secretion from adult rat cardiac atrium. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1996; 276(3):1162-8.
Westenbrink BD, Lipsic E, Van der Meer P, Regien G, Schoemaker RA, de Boer DJ. et al. Erythropoietin improves cardiac function through endothelial progenitor cell and vascular endothelial growth factor mediated eovascularization. Eur Heart J. 2007; 28:2018-27.
Korff T, Kai J, Stephan G, Carsten S, Christina M, Hans-P, et al. Percutaneous endocardial injection of erythropoietin: Assessment of cardioprotection by electromechanical mapping. Eur J Heart Fail. 2006; 8:443-50.
Namiuchi S, Kagaya Y, Ohta J, Shiba N, Sugi M, Oikawa M, et al. High serum erythropoietin level is associated with smaller infarct size in patients with acute myocardial infarction who undergo successful primary percutaneous coronary intervention. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005; 45:1406 -12.
Lipsic E, Van der Meer P, Voors AA, Westenbrink BD, Van den Heuvel FM, de Boer HC, et al. A single bolus of a long-acting erythropoietin analogue darbepoetin alfa in patients with acute myocardial infarction: a randomized feasibility and safety study. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 2006; 20:135-41.
Voors AA, Belonje AM, Zijlstra F, Hillege HL, Anker SD, Slart RH, et al. A single dose of erythropoietin in ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J. 2010 aug 29.
Noguchi CT, Wang L, Rogers HM, Teng R, Jia Y. Survival and proliferative roles of erythropoyetin beyond the erythroid lineage. Expert Rev Med 2008; 10: e36
Lu X, Gross AW, Lodish HF. Active conformation of the erythropoietin receptor: random and cysteine-scanning mutagenesis of the extracellular juxtamembrane and transmembrane domains. J Biol Chem 2006; 281(11):7002-7011
Li J, Huiyan X, Qian G. Effect of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents in acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: a systematic review. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2012; 68: 469-477
Philo JS, Aoki KH, Arakawa T, Narhi LO, Wen J. Dimerization of the extracellular domain of the erythropoietin (EPO) receptor by EPO: one high affinity and one low affinity interaction. Biochemistry. 1996; 35(5): 1681-1691
Syed RS, Reid SW, Li C. Efficiency of signalling through cytokine receptors depends critically on receptor orientation. Nature 1998; 395 (6701): 511-516
Declaración de Helsinki de la Asociación Médica Mundial que rige los Principios éticos para las investigaciones médicas en seres humanos. DoH oct 2008.
Consenso de Valvulopatías . Rev Arg de Cardiología. julio-agosto 2007 (75) 4
Donato H, Ferro H. Tratamiento con eritropoyetina humana recombinante. Medicina ene./feb 2006 (66) 1 Buenos Aires.
Stowell CP, Chandler H, Jove M, Guilfoyle M, Wacholtz MC. An open-label, ramdomized study to compare the safety and efficacy of perioperative epoetin alfa with preoperative autologous blood donation in total joint arthroplasty. Orthopedics 1999; 22 (1): 105-112.
“EPREX” Product Monograph 2005.
Disponible en: http://www.janssen-ortho.com/JOI/pdf_files/Eprex_E.pdf.
Masuda S, Nagao M, Takahata K, Konishi Y, Gallyas F, Tabira T, et al. Functional erythropoietin receptor of the cells with neural characteristics. Comparison with receptor properties of erythroid cells. J Biol Chem 1993, 268: 11208-11216.
Calvillo L. Recombinant human erythropoietin protects the myocardium from ischemiareperfusion injury and promotes beneficial remodeling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003; 100:4802–4806.
Parsa CJ. A novel protective effect of erythropoietin in the infarcted heart. J Clin Invest. 2003; 112:999–1007.
Moon C. Erythropoietin reduces myocardial infarction and left ventricular functional decline after coronary artery ligation in rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003; 100:11612–11617.
Hirata A, Minamino T, Asanuma H, Sanada S, Fujita M, Tsukamoto O et al. Erythropoietin just before reperfusion reduces both lethal arrhythmias and infarct size via the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase-dependent pathway in canine hearts. Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther. 2005, 19, 33-40.
Suh JW, Chung WY, Kim YS, Kim KI, Jeon EJ, Cho YS, et al. The effect of intravenous administration of erythropoietin on the infarct size in primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Int J Cardiol. 2011 jun 2;149(2):216-20.
Poulsen. Two Large Preoperative Doses of Erythropoietin Do Not Reduce the Systemic Inflammatory Response to Cardiac Surgery. Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia, (June) 2009; (23) 3,: pp 316-323
Goldberg N, Lundin AP, Delano B, Friedman EA, Stein RA. Changes in left ventricular size, wall thickness, and function in anemic patients treated with recombinant human erythropoietin. Am Heart J (1992).124: 424–427.
Silverberg DS, Wexler D, Blum M, Tchebiner JZ, Sheps D, Keren G et al. The effect of correction of anaemia in diabetics and non-diabetics with severe resistant congestive heart failure and chronic renal failure by subcutaneous erythropoietin and intravenous iron. Nephrol Dial Transplant (2003)18: 141–146.
Ngo K, Kotecha D, Walters JAE, Manzano L, Palazzuoli A, Van Veldhuisen DJ et al. Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents for anaemia in chronic heart failure patients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2009. b1
García JC, Miranda J. Carta al editor. Rev. CENIC Ciencias Biológicas 2005; 36(2).
Bohlius J, Langensiepen S, Schwarzer G, Engert A. Epoetin in the treatment ofmalignant disease: A comprehensive meta-analysis. Blood 2002; 100:3430.
Chong ZZ, Kang JQ, Maiese K. Erythropoietin is a novel vascular protectant through activation of Akt1 and mitochondrial modulation of cysteine proteases. Circulation (2002)106: 2973–2979.
Sakamaki K. Regulation of endothelial cell death and its role in angiogenesis and vascular regression. Curr Neurovasc Res (2004)1:305–315.
George J, Goldstein E, Abashidze A, Wexler D, Hamed S, Shmilovich H et al.. Erythropoietin promotes endothelial progenitor cell proliferative and adhesive properties in a PI 3-kinasedependent manner. Cardiovasc Res (2005) 68: 299–306.
Villa P, Bigini P, Mennini T, Agnello D, Laragione T, Cagnotto A, et al. Erythropoietin selectively attenuates cytokine production and inflammation in cerebral ischemia by targeting neuronal apoptosis. J Exp Med 2003; 198(6):971–975.
Maiese K, Li F, Chong ZZ. New avenues of exploration for erythropoietin. JAMA (2005) 293: 90–95.
Pérez-Oliva JF, Lagarde AM, Herrera R. Eficacia del tratamiento con eritropoyetina recombinante humana cubana (EPOCIM), en pacientes anémicos hemodializados. Rev Hab C Médicas 2004; 3 (10): 5-10.
Pérez-Oliva JF, Lagarde AM, Herrera R, Martínez AI, Raola ME, Magrans Ch. Broad Use of Cuban Recombinant Human Erythropoietin (ior-EPOCIM) in Dialysis Patients at the Institute of Nephrology. Medic Review 2005; VII (5).
Disponible en: http://www.medicc.org/medicc_review/0505/cuban-medical-literature-2.html
Chong ZZ, Kang JQ, Maiese K. Erythropoietin fosters both intrinsic and extrinsic neuronal protection through modulation of microglia, Akt1, Bad, and caspase-mediated pathways. Br J Pharmacol (2003b) 138: 1107–1118.
Chong ZZ, Li F, Maiese K. Erythropoietin requires NF-kappaB and its nuclear translocation to prevent early and late apoptotic neuronal injury during beta-amyloid toxicity. Curr Neurovasc Res (2005a) 2: 387–399.
Evans CH, Ildstad ST. Committee on Strategies for Small-Number-Participant Clinical Research Trials, Board on Health Sciences Policy. Small Clinical Trials: Issues and Challenges. Institute of Medicine 2001.
Disponible: http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php
Thall PF, Estey EH. A bayesian strategy for screening cancer treatments prior to phase II clinical evaluation. Statistics in medicine, (1993) 12, 1197-1211.
Ayuda digital de EPIDAT, Programa para análisis epidemiológico de datos tabulados, versión 3.1, 2006.